Titanium is favored for its extreme strength and corrosion resistance, but improper weld preparation and the introduction of oxygen and other contaminants into the weld zone can render it useless.

The forge-welding process is one of the most efficient methods of making tube and pipe from 1/2 to 24 in. diameter, but it’s not limited to this range. An ERW mill’s capability can be expanded by adding a cold-stretch-reducing section, allowing it to make smaller diameters.

Heat treating metals goes back thousands of years, but the use of cold temperatures, especially the very cold temperatures in the cryogenic range, is relatively new and hasn't been fully accepted in the manufacturing industry. Interviews with four cryogenic processors clear up some of the mysteries and misconceptions concerning this often-misunderstood process.