Article
April 1, 2010
Selecting the right mandrel and wiper
Figure 1
Introduced in the mid-1980s, inserted (or standard) tooling can withstand the pressure associated with many bending applications. Replacing the insert, the bronze-colored portion at left, is less expensive than replacing the entire tool.
Whether the times are lean or fat,... Read more...
Article
February 11, 2010
Waste not, want more
Figure 1 Finding enough room for a group photo is not that big of a deal at General MetalWorks, Mequon, Wis. Elimination of excess raw material inventory and racks of work-in-process hascleared plenty of floor space for such an event. Photos by Lila Aryan Photography.
Waste is not... Read more...
Article
February 9, 2010
Bright lights, big opportunity
Figure 1 Aluminum is used for the frame of Orion Energy Systems' lighting products because it conducts heat five times better than steel. Photos courtesy of Prima Finn-Power North America Inc. Orion Energy Systems is a company that doesn't take its business lightly. A Plymouth, Wis.,... Read more...
Article
February 9, 2010
Making a workhorse run
Figure 1
The use of vertical compression benders became widespread in the 1950s. A primary application was forming automotive exhaust pipes in high volumes. Photo courtesy of Pines Technology.
Vertical compression tube benders have been around for more than 50 years (see Figure 1... Read more...
Article
February 8, 2010
Article
January 14, 2010
Article
December 15, 2009
Sheet Metal Stamping 101, Part V
Editor's Note: This series presents an overview of metal stamping. Part I of this series focused on the various careers in the metal stamping industry. Part II discussed stamping materials and equipment;
Part III focused on dies and cutting and Part IV offered more detail about cutting... Read more...
Article
December 15, 2009
Sheet Metal Stamping 101
The author of the "Die Science" column in STAMPING Journal®, Art also has written several other series that appear at www.thefabricator.com, including:
Solving Punch Breakage Problems Die Basics 101 Cutting Tooling Costs
Read more...
Article
December 1, 2009
Using laser shock peening to increase pilger die life
Figure 1 Two views of a standard pilger die show the entrance portion of the die, where the tubing first encounters the pilger process. The area of maximum stress varies by application and is influenced by tube material, input and output tube size, roll groove design, and roll die diameter.... Read more...
Article
October 8, 2009
A giant among machines
The idea of ordering a 40-foot-long press brake was no problem for Greiner Industries, Mount Joy, Pa. The real work started when the brake was ready for delivery. The company had to find a way to get the mammoth machine to its shop. The machine, a 2,750-ton Baykal press brake, ordered... Read more...
Article
September 1, 2009
Shaping profits with a mandrel extractor
Bending a tube and preventing it from collapsing is a mystery to most folks, especially those whose livelihood does not involve bending tubes. For those who bend tubing for a living, knowing how to decrease ovality in the bend region can be of interest.
Before discussing strategies for... Read more...
Article
April 1, 2009
Bending rolled steel sections
Bending tube or pipe successfully is a matter of managing a handful of processes and variables. For example, the bending process causes thickening where the metal is under compression and thinning where it is under tension. Too much thickening can result in wrinkles; too much thinning results... Read more...
Article
January 27, 2009
Bending outside the box
Ask 10 press brake operators how they would bend a particular part, and you're likely to get 10 different answers. But all would agree on parts that gave them major headaches, such as ones with different (and sometimes unwarranted) radii requiring tooling changes, or radii that cannot be... Read more...
Article
December 4, 2008
Fact or Friction?
The tube and pipe bending process is full of variables and options, all of which you must understand and manage successfully to make the end product.
Any of these variables can make a significant contribution to the success or failure of the manufacturing process. Certain variables are... Read more...
Article
November 25, 2008
Serpentine bending in production
You might not see serpentine bends often, but they are used more commonly than you probably realize. Their main purpose is to transfer heat. A tube bent into a serpentine shape, successive 180-degree bends, allows an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to fabricate a product that extracts... Read more...
Article
October 14, 2008
Article
October 14, 2008
Reasons for a press brake upgrade
Figure 1 Adaptive bending, either through laser sensing (pictured here) or internal devices, can help overcome problems with material variation. Photo courtesy of LVD Strippit, Akron, N.Y. The press brake remains one of those last bastions of manual operation. Even the smallest job shops... Read more...
Article
September 30, 2008
Automation helps ovenmaker cook up profits
The test kitchen at Wood Stone Corp., Bellingham, Wash., showcases most of the commercial kitchen appliances the company fabricates.
Scuzza me, but you see, back in old Bellingham, that's automation. That slight variation of the old Dean Martin tune makes a lot of sense for Wood Stone... Read more...
Article
August 26, 2008
When does a punch/laser make sense?
Shops that process enough of the right parts can increase uptime and reduce secondary operations with a combination punch/laser machine. Photo courtesy of TRUMPF Inc.
Business growth led Hawkeye Industries President and CEO Bryan Hawkins to seek a machine that could punch and laser-cut... Read more...
Article
July 15, 2008
Will your tube pass a dimensional inspection?
Figure 1
A full-contour fixture makes contact with the tube along its entire run, end-to-end. The body of the fixture checks most of the contours and features. Additional hardware, such as the items located at each end and in the middle of the tube, can be used for verifying the... Read more...
Article
July 15, 2008
Bending up and down, no flipping required
Figure 1
Click on images to view larger A single-beam system folds a part down in the negative (left) and up in the positive direction.
Press brakes have ruled the roost in North American manufacturing when it comes to bending blanks into their finished part form. But they are just... Read more...
Article
July 15, 2008
From the CAD station to the production floor
A 2-D drawing, which is the conventional method for describing components such as bent tubes, contains all the necessary information for programming a CNC tube bending machine. However, conventions don't hold forever, and modern technological developments are changing the way this information... Read more...
Article
June 17, 2008
The evolution of precision bending
Photo courtesy of Wila USA, Hanover, Md.
Precision bending has come a long way in recent decades. What used to be considered "precision" in the 1970s wouldn't pass muster today. Then a fabricator might have considered ±1 degree a precision bend; today a precision bend is within a half... Read more...
Article
May 13, 2008
New roll bender 'bales' out farm implement manufacturer
Powder River added tooling that helps feed and square sheet before it enters the three-roll bender. Hugo Hernandez and his shop floor team weren't horsing around on the shop floor, but it sure did take them more time than it should have to bend 14-gauge sheet for a horse feeder. The round... Read more...
Article
April 15, 2008
Curving out a niche
In celebration of its 50th anniversary in April 2005, McDonald's® opened a 24,000-square-foot restaurant in Chicago. The fast-food chain wanted to highlight both its past and its future, and to that end the restaurant features the red and white colors of founder Ray Kroc's first building,... Read more...
Article
February 12, 2008
Nothing standard about this fab shop
After five years of working for a family-owned metal fabricating business in eastern Connecticut, Rob Marelli wanted to do things his way. He approached the president with an offer to buy the company from him, but he was soon gone with a handshake and a letter of recommendation.
He eyed... Read more...
Article
January 15, 2008
2 strategies for optimizing bending operations
Offline bending software expedites the bending process. Metal fabricators must continuously seek new ways to maximize their uptime and improve their staff utilization to combat the skilled worker shortage. Fabricators typically encounter bottlenecks during setup and production in their press... Read more...
Article
December 11, 2007
Understanding benders and bender applications
Tube bending methods vary in complexity as much as any fabricating process does. At the simple end are applications that involve tubing so small and bends so simple that bending by hand is a suitable process. Manual bending machines and dedicated hydraulic or pneumatic benders occupy the... Read more...
Article
October 9, 2007
Die Basics 101: Part XVI
Part XV of this series described several bending methods—wipe, coin, relief, pivot, and V. It also discussed springback and how to compensate for it when using these methods. This article focuses on other bending processes. Keep in mind that the key to success is to design the bending process... Read more...
Article
October 9, 2007
Automatic or manual?
Whether it is as simple as a single CNC tube bender loaded by a robot or as complex as a fully automated line that turns raw coil into a finished and packaged bent tubular product, automated workcells have made their way into nearly every manufacturing theater. Once limited to the... Read more...
Article
October 9, 2007
Dealing with Mother Nature's wrath
Protecting a two-mile-long, 10-lane bridge from earthquake damage is not an easy task. Replacing the eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge requires the talent and time of numerous design firms and fabricators and tens of thousands of workers. One of the more interesting... Read more...
Article
September 11, 2007
Fabrication in transition
Arcadia's five-axis waterjet cutting machine allowed the company to provide a service that other nearby metal supply houses didn't offer. As a result, the company developed a reputation as a fabricator of large, 3-D stainless steel and aluminum parts. Which comes first—the purchase... Read more...
Article
September 11, 2007
Better lubricant control leads to better mandrel bends
Figure 1
R&B Wagner uses an automatic lubrication application system that has two reservoirs to hold two different lubricants (at left). Its tube bending personnel can select one lubricant or the other, depending on the application at hand. A plastic tube carries the lubricant... Read more...
Article
September 11, 2007
A high-flying metal fabricator
Mention the word airplane to most people, and they'll likely think of jet-powered superjumbo aircraft and the ongoing battle between the two titans, Boeing and Airbus. Among Boeing's largest is the 747-400. It measures 232 feet long, has a wing span of 211 feet, has a range of 7,260 nautical... Read more...
Article
September 11, 2007
Toro trims waste with press brake tooling upgrade
Toro Co. has found that in its high-end commercial mowers, sheet metal is the second most costly item. Toro's own manufacturing plants compete with outside vendors, which fosters competition, innovation, and cost-cutting measures. In a world of on-demand, lean manufacturing, sheet metal... Read more...
Article
August 8, 2007
Die Basics 101: Part XV
Part II of this series presented a basic overview of metal forming operations, such as bending, flanging, drawing, ironing, coining, curling, hemming, and embossing. This and future installments discuss these operations in more detail. We will look at factors controlling the success of each... Read more...
Article
July 10, 2007
Constant radius or variable radius?
Like many industries, the automotive industry is in a state of perpetual change. Automobile manufacturers continuously strive for higher safety ratings, reduced fuel consumption, smaller environmental impact, and reduced costs. To address these concerns, many automakers work to develop... Read more...
Article
July 10, 2007
Knocked down, but not out
Changing from manual processes to an automated flexible manufacturing system allows EPMP Ltd. to manufacture complex bent parts such as this one quickly and without the risk of handling damage. It would be an understatement to say that contract manufacturer EPMP Ltd., Seguin, Texas, got off... Read more...
Spanish
April 10, 2007
Article
April 10, 2007
Straining to understand bending?
Editor's Note: This article was adapted from the paper "Springback Characteristics of Bent Tubes for Hydroforming Applications," which was presented at the 4th Annual North American Hydroforming Conference & Exhibition, Sept. 25-27, 2006 London, Ontario, Canada. The use of hydroforming... Read more...
Article
April 10, 2007
Pipe fabricator saves big time with big bends
A four-roll bender carries a higher price tag than most three-roll benders, but it might be the easiest to operate because the material fed into the machine is clamped during the squaring process and held during the entire rolling operation. Photo courtesy of Bertsch. Tom Mooney, the... Read more...
Article
March 13, 2007
Reducing tube bending cycle times
Two trends—unrelenting cost pressures and the inclination to send manufacturing jobs to low-cost countries—have left many fabricators feeling that they are caught in a trap with no way out. While the pressure to reduce costs will never subside, and the low manufacturing costs in... Read more...
Article
March 13, 2007
Bending the new breeds of high-strength steel
This heavy-duty gooseneck punch with an acute-angle 1V die provides the ability to overbend material to compensate for springback.
Since the early 1980s, sheet metal fabricators have, for the most part, followed a pretty basic set of rules to air-bend mild steel. To determine the... Read more...
Article
January 9, 2007
Are you dedicated to manual bending?
In the age of automated tube bending processes, there is still a thriving demand for dedicated manual tube benders (DMTBs), which have been serving the tubing industry for most of the 20th century. However, these machines now may be overlooked by a generation raised on the notion that... Read more...
Article
January 9, 2007
Spending time with capital equipment
Ask fabricators how they view business in 2007, and you'll likely get for a response, "Cautiously optimistic." In these days of potential terrorist attacks, war in Iraq and Afghanistan, tightening oil supplies, a shallow labor pool, and the constant threat of being replaced by an overseas... Read more...
Article
December 12, 2006
Think you have a challenging bend? Bring it on
You need a simple 4D bend in 2.125-inch carbon steel tube with a wall factor of 15? Come on—that's too easy. Four 3D bends in 2.125-in. steel tube with a wall factor of 20? You can do better than that. Two 2D bends and four variable-radius bends in two planes in 2.125-in. steel tube with... Read more...
Article
December 12, 2006
Avoiding common bending problems with common sense
As we strive for simplicity in solving manufacturing problems, we are captivated and enthralled with the flash and glitter of the newest gadgets. Whether by clever marketing or our innate desire to have the latest and greatest newfangled technological gadgets, the outcome is the same. We... Read more...
Article
October 10, 2006
Drawing on new experiences
Press operator Brandie Watkins wipes down a refrigerator door before conducting a quality check. Appliance manufacturing has been due for a makeover for some time. As thousands of U.S. households have rediscovered home entertaining, they have sunk their hard-earned dollars into... Read more...
Article
October 10, 2006
Manufacturing evolution in the job shop
Because of their press brakes' dynamic crowning and springback compensation technology, Gardner Manufacturing operators can bend long parts without worrying about the material bowing or twisting. Bronze Age, Iron Age, Industrial Age—each period in civilization's history has led... Read more...
Article
September 12, 2006
Leaning on press brake tooling
Staged bending can make short runs more cost-effective
because each part is handled only once.
Most of today's original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and contract manufacturers have embraced the principles of lean manufacturing. Many of the obvious offenders—the... Read more...
Article
August 8, 2006
Opening the gate to efficiency
Dotting the rolling landscape on U.S. 127 in Kentucky, just south of Danville, are a half-dozen small gate manufacturers. As is typical in many rural areas throughout the nation, most of these shops are small operations where people have learned how to use their skills to contribute to... Read more...
Article
July 11, 2006
Automating bending, forming operations
Each of these multibend parts was formed on the same CNC bending line in less than 23 seconds. From left to right, office furniture parts, residential furnace door, part with standing hem, and shelving. Traditionally, a sheet metal component goes through the various shearing, punching,... Read more...
Article
June 13, 2006
Not a one-stock shop
Is metalworking a vocation practiced by craftsmen or merely a set of processes performed by machines? Is it a labor of love or just a job that pays the bills? Is it a matter of reading blueprints and programming machines, or is it more than that? Visit Submission Custom Machine, the shop... Read more...
Article
June 13, 2006
Fabricator puts the brake on bend inconsistency
When you think of Nebraska, you probably think of farming. Well-known for endless fields that cover 96 percent of the state, Nebraska produces vast amounts of corn, soybeans, alfalfa, and wheat. Look a little closer, though, and you realize that the so-called Rust Belt has crept westward... Read more...
Article
May 9, 2006
Metal fabricating in a new millennium
"What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline ... so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in, with those very tall buildings reflected in the work. And then, since it is in the form of a gate, the participant,... Read more...
Article
April 11, 2006
Weld inspection before you weld
A welder conducts a GMAW fillet weld test.
While patrolling a shop floor playing "parameter police," a welding inspector may commonly hear questions like "Why can't I run my machine above XXX wire feed speed?" or "XX volts?"
Welding parameters aren't guidelines... Read more...
Article
February 7, 2006
Simplicity 'n' press brakes
Low-volume products, such as this zero-turn-radius lawn tractor with a 21- or 23-HP engine, kept Simplicity Manufacturing's laser cell busy, but also created a bottleneck at the company's old press brake. For almost 70 years, Simplicity Manufacturing Inc. has worked to live up to its... Read more...
Article
February 7, 2006
Selecting equipment for maximum productivity
One of the simplest ways to increase productivity in a metal fabrication shop is to purchase a new machine, usually the largest machine you can afford. But where do you go from there? Does every subsequent purchase have to be bigger and better? Sometimes, but not always. With a little... Read more...
Article
January 10, 2006
How to prevent press brake ram upset
Of all the potential problems you might have when bottom bending or coining with press brakes, the least understood is a problem called ram upset. What Is Ram Upset? Ram upset is a condition in which the press brake ram is permanently deflected in the vertical plane, and so the distance... Read more...
Article
December 13, 2005
Meeting the challenges of modern architecture
As architectural designs grow more sophisticated, fabricators that serve this market must develop new skills and techniques to keep up. Albina Pipe Bending Co. is one such fabricator. Although the word pipe appears in the company name and implies that this is the only material the company... Read more...
Article
December 13, 2005
Fast-forward fabricating
The MV automated storage and retrieval system (in the background) supplies the correct metal sheet, whether it's light- or heavy-gauge material, to the appropriate machine in the fabricating cell. The material handling system also accepts work-in-process from the machines, temporarily... Read more...
Article
November 8, 2005
Tube-bend tooling: square-back wiper dies or wiper inserts?
Wiper dies are a fundamental requirement in modern tube bending applications in which tubes are bent at increasingly tight bend radii with increasingly thinner wall thicknesses. The design of the wiper die plays a key role in its performance and durability, as does its manufacturing... Read more...
Article
November 8, 2005
Knockout punch
Punched and tapped parts are stacked on a pallet to be delivered to the press brake area for bending. A finished part (after bending) is shown on the left side of the stacking table for illustration purposes. This is an application destined to stay in the U.S. It's a large,... Read more...
Article
November 8, 2005
Say ye shibboleth!
"Say ye shibbo leth !"...
"Do you not hear me, traveler? ... Say ye shibbo leth ."
A look of surprise and terror crept over the traveler's face as the third syllable finished crossing his lips. A salty, warm liquid began bubbling up in the back of his throat—a sticky, thick, and crimson... Read more...
Article
September 13, 2005
Bend allowance and springback in air bending
Figure 1 In air bending, a sheet is placed in the die, and the press ram descends and bends the sheet into a V shape. Figure 2 Bend allowance (also known as bend deduction) can be used to predict the initial flat length of the sheet. Source: O. Diegel, "Bend Works: The Fine... Read more...
Article
August 9, 2005
Oversized V dies: the effects on bottom bending
Figure 1
Why are so many press brake and tooling manufacturers adamant that you cannot bottom-bend with their products?
One word: Liability!
It's so easy to upset* a ram or blow tooling if bottom bending is done incorrectly. So who can blame the manufacturer for... Read more...
Article
May 10, 2005
It's all about tool selection -- or is it?
Figure 1
The radius gauge fits squarely into the bend.
Air forming, bottom bending, and coining are different forming methods that can be used to create various bends—sharp, radius, and profound-radius. Throw in a mix of operators and engineers with different... Read more...
Article
March 8, 2005
Managing rotary-draw tube bending
Most information published about tube bending relates to a specific aspect of the process, such as tooling, control and equipment features, or component technology. This type of information is valuable for keeping tube fabricators up-to-date on what's available and is useful in selecting... Read more...
Article
December 7, 2004
Regaining flatness in stamped parts
Of all the geometric tolerances that are difficult to achieve, flatness is one of the hardest. Most stampers probably would much rather try to make a complex-shaped, thin, high-strength steel deep-drawn part than hold a small-tolerance part requiring a tight flatness. Achieving part flatness is... Read more...
Article
September 14, 2004
Lean times call for mean tactics—Part 1
Personally witnessing the growth and maturing of the tube bending industry for the last five decades has been a great privilege, and as one of the remaining warhorses of this industry, I am in a position to take a long look back at this peculiar fraternity that we belong to. It... Read more...
Article
July 13, 2004
Is your bend good enough?
You recently acquired a pipe bender to enhance your fabrication capabilities, received an order, procured the pipe stock your customer requested, and bent it as specified. Your customer rejected the first lot. He called and complained about a hump on the extrados, and he said something about it... Read more...
Article
July 13, 2004
Bending and handling tube
It used to be simple: Purchase the tube fabrication machinery necessary for a project and hire motivated workers to get the job done. It's not that simple anymore. Technology advances have made automated bending and material handling processes possible for tube fabricators. Some... Read more...
Article
April 6, 2004
New bends in the roll
Editor's Note: Allan Flamholz is now president and founder of Trilogy Machinery, Belcamp, Md., the U.S. distributor for ROUNDO in the U.S. as of July 2009. COMEQ Inc., White Marsh, Md., remains a source for roll bending equipment and expertise in rolling plate. Nothing is new about the... Read more...
Article
February 26, 2004
Tube Hydroforming Design Flexibility—Part V
Combined with the information in Part III of this series that focused on cross-section expansion before hydroforming, this article discusses the most common options used in preparing tube for hydroforming and achieving the designer-intended part. Properly executing bending and cross-section... Read more...
Article
January 29, 2004
Why should you care about inside bend radii?
Photo courtesy of TRUMPF Inc.
A minimum bend radius is a function of the material and has little or nothing to do with the press brake punch tip. A minimum bend radius for one material thickness is not the same for another material thickness. In cold-rolled mild steel,... Read more...
Article
November 20, 2003
Improving bending operations
The company works with materials from 3 to 25 millimeters and produces parts that range from pallet size to 15,000-pound weldments measuring 8 by 12 by 3 feet. Part runs are low to moderate, from five to 500 pieces. The company classifies its parts as moderately complex with tight... Read more...
Article
September 25, 2003
Pour me a mandrel
A low-melting-point alloy is heated and poured into a length of tube. To reduce weight and cost for all types of products, design engineers often specify tubes and pipes with thinner walls instead of the previously used heavier-walled tubes and pipes. Shorter tube or pipe lengths also... Read more...
Article
August 28, 2003
Designing an off-road sport truck
They're big. They're mean. They growl and snarl. Untamed beasts, they're at home anywhere, regardless of the terrain or the climate. They prowl over mountains or deserts or backwoods trails, whether the conditions are warm or cold or wet or dry. They're custom-made off-road trucks, and... Read more...
Article
March 13, 2003
Die designs for wide bends
Another design challenge is the thin-material, precision progressive die for achieving consistent bends of more than 90 degrees. These dies have material less than 0.020 inch thick and can achieve a tolerance of ±1 or 2 degrees for an angle on the final part. Any tool in any shop is... Read more...
Article
February 13, 2003
Aluminum stands tall as a structural metal—Part 2
The whole Palm House roof had to be fabricated off-site, then lifted and set on the support structure, so it had to fit perfectly. The accuracy of the measurement and fabrication of all of those aluminum members in the roof was critical. The new roof was transported to Washington, D.C.,... Read more...
Article
July 11, 2002
Can I form a box that deep?
Figure 1
One of the more common questions asked in day-to-day press brake operations is "Can I form a box that deep?"
If you select the wrong tool, the side of the box will crash into the ram. This can produce the wrong bend angle or prevent the forming of tight corners. In most... Read more...
Article
May 30, 2002
Bumping up large-radius bends
Figure 1
It often is impractical to buy or build a custom tool just for large-radius bends. Perhaps it is a one-of-a-kind part, or the radius that needs to be produced is too large to be done practically in a single punch and die set.
While rolling the bend in a... Read more...
Article
May 16, 2002
Bending hot 'n' cold
Figure 1 A chain and strap support a beam during wide-radius bending. Structurals come in a variety of shapes and configurations, and they are categorized by groups within sections, from small to large. They may be in the form of angle, channel, I and wide-flange beams, square and... Read more...
Article
May 16, 2002
Bending square and rectangular tubing
The process of bending tubing is based largely on modern science and technology. Bending dies are designed with computer software, bending machines are computer-controlled, and the stresses and strains can be predicted accurately with mathematics.
However, the principles aren't based solely... Read more...
Article
September 18, 2001
Article
July 26, 2001
Know your bending basics—Part II
This article is Part II of a two-part article on die design for bending.
There are several good ways to design a tool to achieve a 90-degree bend. Whatever method you choose, you must be able to adjust the tool easily in response to variables discussed in Part I of this series.
To... Read more...
Article
June 12, 2001
Leaping the hurdles to press brake automation
Figure 1: This figure shows the ratio of value-added versus nonvalue-added time for a 50-part bending job. In this example, 42 percent of the time needed to bend the parts was spent on setup. Understanding the obstacles to automating press brakes requires an analysis of the bending... Read more...
Article
May 15, 2001
Know your bending basics—Part I
Editor's Note: This article is Part I of a two-part series discussing bending. Read Part II .
Of all of the operations that typically are done in a stamping die, it seems that achieving and maintaining a 90-degree bend are two of the most difficult.
To accomplish these tasks... Read more...
Article
March 23, 2001
Selecting a new press brake
You have realized for a long time that your company should consider buying a new press brake. Now you have the responsibility of developing the specifications and recommending a new machine. This is an awesome responsibility, because if you select the wrong machine, your manufacturing costs... Read more...
Article
January 10, 2001
