Press Technology Articles

Results: 100

	Preventing catastrophic press failure : Press protection moves beyond operator safety By: Sitema/AME Fluid Power Div. Figure 1 A safety catch device is designed to prevent catastrophic press crashes. Most modern hydraulic and pneumatic presses have... Publish date: March 9, 2010
	Retrofitting a mechanical press with servo technology : A servomotor upgrade adds flexibility to existing press lines By: Enrique Pano This servomotor upgrade kit was installed on top of a mechanical press. The press slide uses energy from both the servomotor and the flywheel.... Publish date: February 9, 2010
	Press selection—sorting it out Part IX : Part IX: Which Category of Press Is Right for My Application? Will a flywheel fly? Would a servo serve better? How can hydraulic help? Time for a transfer? New�pneumatic? Or should I order a combo? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part IX of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out Part VIII : Part VIII: Which Automation System Goes with Which Press? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part VIII of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out - Part VI : So, Which Press Type is Best for the Part? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part VI of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out - Part IV : What Else Do I Need to Look for in a Press to Meet Demands for Increased Part Accuracy? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part IV of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out Part III : Part III: What Other Press Characteristics Should I Look for to Stamp High-strength Materials, Including Stainless? Boron Steel? Aluminum? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part III of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out Part II : Part II: Beyond Part Characteristics, Material Characteristics, and Frame Design, What Else Do I Need to Know About Selecting Tonnage? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part II of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out Part I : Part I: What Press Type is Best for My Speed, Volume Needs? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part I of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Dissecting defects Part II: Testing for incoming sheet coil variation : Part II: Testing for incoming sheet coil variation By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is Part II of a three-part series discussing methods used to control quality in stamping. Part I , which appeared in... Publish date: November 6, 2007
	Ridin' the storm out Part III : Part III. Transfer press, expansion, underground conveyor By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This is the third article in a three-part series on Tennessee Stampings LLC. Part I in August explored the company's lean... Publish date: October 9, 2007
	Blanking developments Part III: High-speed blanking, FE methods : Part III: High-speed blanking, FE methods By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part III of a three-part series on blanking developments. Part I, which appeared in the July issue, focused on... Publish date: September 11, 2007
	Ridin' the storm out Part II : Part II: Sensors prevent crashes, clear way for growth By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This is the second article in a three-part series on Tennessee Stampings LLC. Part I explored the company's lean practices.... Publish date: September 11, 2007
	Blanking developments Part II: Fineblanking part, process design : Part II: Fineblanking part, process design By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part II of a three-part series on blanking developments. Part I, which appeared in the July issue, focused on... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Blanking developments Part I: Fineblanking process and tool design : Part I: Fineblanking process and tool design By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part I of a three-part series on blanking developments. Part II, which will appear in the August issue, will focus on... Publish date: July 10, 2007
	Servo press forming applications Part III : Part III: Forming at room temperature, elevated temperatures By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part III of a three-part series on servo presses. Part I, which appeared in the March 2007 issue, provided an introduction... Publish date: May 8, 2007
	Servo press forming applications Part II : Part II: Drive systems By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part II of a three-part series on servo presses. Part I, which appeared in the March issue, discussed the benefits servo... Publish date: April 10, 2007
	Servo press forming applications Part I : Part I: An introduction By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part I of a three-part series on servo presses. Part II, which will appear in April 2007, will focus on servo... Publish date: March 13, 2007
	Hot-stamping boron-alloyed steels for automotive parts Part III : Part III: Tool design and process simulation By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is Part III of a three-part series discussing finite element (FE) simulation for tool and process design in... Publish date: February 13, 2007
	Hot-stamping boron-alloyed steels for automotive parts Part II : Part II: Microstructure, material strength changes during hot stamping By: Professor Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is Part II of a three-part series discussing the microstructure of boron steels and coatings on the sheet surface.... Publish date: January 18, 2007
	Hot-stamping boron-alloyed steels for automotive parts Part I : Part I: Process methods and uses By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is Part I of a three-part series discussing hot stamping of boron steels. Part II, which will appear in the January... Publish date: December 12, 2006
	Draw forming VI: Redistribution : VI: Redistribution By: Edmund Herman, P.E. Editor's Note: This is the sixth in a series of seven articles that identify and define the need for a new processing theory for the net shape... Publish date: January 9, 2007
	Multipoint-control die cushion systems for stamping complex parts - Part III : Predicting blank holder force Editor's Note: This article is Part III of a three-part series on multipoint-control (MPC) die cushion systems. Part I, which appeared in the... Publish date: November 7, 2006
	Draw forming Part V:Remoteness : Part V:Remoteness By: Edmund Herman, P.E. Editor's Note: This is the fifth in a series of seven articles that identify and define the need for a new processing theory for the net shape... Publish date: November 7, 2006
	Multipoint-control die cushion systems for stamping complex parts - Part II : Forming stainless steel double sinks By: Ajay Yadav and Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is Part II of a three-part series that discusses multipoint-control (MPC) die cushion systems applied to the forming... Publish date: October 10, 2006
	Setting up progressive dies - Part II : Establishing a good setup procedure By: Art Hedrick Editor's Note: This is the second part of a two-part series that discusses proper die setup procedures for progressive dies. Part I in the... Publish date: October 10, 2006
	Setting up progressive dies - Part I : Die alignment and clamping By: Art Hedrick, Contributing Writer Editor's Note: This is Part I of a two-part series on progressive-die setup. Part II, which will appear in the October issue, will discuss the... Publish date: October 3, 2006
	Draw forming Part III: Connectivity : Part III: Connectivity By: Edmund Herman, P.E. Figure 1 The classic feedback control loop measures process output, compares the measurement with ideal conditions, and makes adjustments... Publish date: August 8, 2006
	Reinventing the wheel - Automated line reduces in-process inventory, increases production flexibility Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing Corp. in Lincoln, Neb., produces a variety of vehicles, such as motorcycles, Jet Ski®s, ATVs (all-terrain... Publish date: May 10, 2005
	Mild steel to HSS: Not just a spec change - Part II : Cutting, forming HSS requires press, die readdress Figure 1 Conventional systems require more equipment and downstream operations than a servo press with slide motion control because functions... Publish date: November 20, 2009
	Mild steel to HSS: Not just a spec change : Part I: Cutting, forming HSS requires press, die readdress If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. Figure 1 This schematic shows what happens to a press when... Publish date: September 25, 2009
	Hose partsmaker's lean journey leads to transfer press cell conversion : Lean productivity improvement, diversification, flows to increased profitability If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. Truex stamps male and female fittings, ribbed and smooth... Publish date: September 24, 2009
	Automotive Metal Stamping : Division of Magna Automates CAD Translations with TPM A division of automotive component manufacturer Magna International, Cosma International is a metal-forming supplier, which specializes in... Publish date: March 1, 2009
	Warm forming aluminum magnesium components : How it can optimize formability, reduce springback By: Patrick Cain If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. Warm forming, or forming material heated in the range of 200... Publish date: August 1, 2009
	Actualizaciones para laprensa vieja de un fabricante de autos By: Ricardo Pereira Si la imagen no se puede visualizar, cliquee en el n�mero de la figura para verla. Read article in English Las prensas viejas pueden... Publish date: August 4, 2009
	Un repaso a las prensas de estampado : Palabras sabias acerca de la technologia actual de prensas By: Kate Bachman ?No piense que una pistola GMAW es lo mismo que otras. Escoger la pistola adecuada parael trabajo puede conducir a mejores soldaduras. Foto... Publish date: July 9, 2009
	The pressure is on : Prolonging die life with the help of sensor film By: Mirco Graenert and Shawn Eeles If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. The 400-ton pressure testing setup shows the die components and... Publish date: July 2, 2009
	How to make the most of a press move By: Steve Richardson If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. The success of a machinery move project will be determined by... Publish date: June 9, 2009
	The economics of selecting a coil feed line : Consider capital cost, space, and applications By: John Heuring If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. Metal stamping in today's market has never been more... Publish date: June 2, 2009
	Hydraulic presses perform compression molding : Forming two materials with one stone By: Michael Reihn If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. During compression molding, material is preheated and placed in... Publish date: May 11, 2009
	10 Hot-stamping HSS FAQs : The hows, whys, and what-fors of hot forming If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. 1. What Is Hot Stamping In its simplest definition, hot... Publish date: April 1, 2009
	Servo transfer automation enhances pressroom flexibility : Going beyond mechanical transfers By: Doug Knapke If an image is not displayed, click the hyperlinked figure number to view it. In today's ever-changing economic environment, stamping... Publish date: March 24, 2009
	Metal former today, compression molder tomorrow : If you have a hydraulic press, you have a great foundation for exploring a whole new world of composites forming By: Tom Lavoie Do you have a press that is not being utilized fully? It's not an uncommon situation in many shops. To address this situation, many shops look... Publish date: January 27, 2009
	In-die joining transforms press into assembly machine : Part II: Laser welding By: Ingomar J.K. Summerauer and Alois J. Rupp Click image to view larger An automotive multipart contact, consisting of a box-shaped outer housing and a segmented inner spring, is stamped,... Publish date: February 24, 2009
	Metal Spinning 101 : Metal spinning can be a cost-effective alternative for drawing metal Without metal spinning, motorcycle parts and car wheels wouldn't be so easy to make. Neither would gas bottles, cooking pots and pans, or... Publish date: February 24, 2009
	How do I calculate tonnage in progressive stamping? By: Dennis Cattell Editor's Note: Below is the complete STAMPING Journal® Ask the Expert column, which was published in the Jan/Feb 2009 issue: Q: How do I... Publish date: January 27, 2009
	In-die joining transforms press into assembly system : Part I: Fastening � How it all fits together By: Roger Patton A hopper containing bulk fasteners feeds into a bowl; the bowl feeds the fasteners into a track; and the track feeds them into the tooling,... Publish date: December 14, 2008
	Next-generation large-tonnage presses rely on new software for virtual integration : How system design can make flexible systems easier to manage By: Dietmar Schoellhammer and Bernhard Loske Click image to view larger Instead of separate simulation software for press design, transfer design/programming, and die design, a new virtual... Publish date: September 15, 2008
	Hydraulic presses for hot stamping meet weight, safety mandates : It's all in the dwell By: Rick Nicholson Hot stamping was developed to meet mandates for stamped automotive components to be both light and strong. The component is heated to an... Publish date: October 28, 2008
	AHSS stamping simulation: All things being (not) equal : Software, using the right data, should have no trouble simulating the stamping of AHSS By: Eric Kam Figure 1 While AHSS does present some major hurdles for stamping, simulation software has no insurmountable obstacles. When people hear... Publish date: August 26, 2008
	How to run presses faster without increasing scrap : Maintaining precision at high speeds By: Kent Lancaster When metal forming companies confront "my labor is cheaper than your labor" price attacks from competitors in developing regions of the world,... Publish date: July 29, 2008
	Forming AHSS: Playing by new rules : Advanced high-strength steels spur unconventional thinking about formability By: Tim Heston, Senior Editor The shop floor at MBtech Autodie in Grand Rapids, Mich., has more than 30 presses for die tryout. In recent years the company has made great... Publish date: July 15, 2008
	Applying parallelism technology in hydraulic presses : Active leveling control offsets press, tooling problems By: Michael Riehn Active leveling control counteracts the negative effects of off-center loading, including premature tool and press wear, breakthrough shock, and... Publish date: June 17, 2008
	La seguridad continua presionando a las prensas : Asegurando la seguridad sin sacrificar velocidad ni productividad By: Array Si la imagen no se puede visualizar, cliquee en el n�mero de la figura para verla. Read article in English La tendencia m�s importante en... Publish date: May 13, 2008
	Driven to integrate : Automotive component stamper branches out, adapts to industry changes By: Michael Bishop, Contributing Writer A Parkview Metal Products worker operates a stamping press at the company's facility in Lake Zurich, IL. Parkview produces components for the... Publish date: May 13, 2008
	Retrofitting a prog-die press for transfer operations : Wringing more profit from an old press By: Paul Stirrett Click image to view larger. The press window has a direct relationship to the type of transfer system you select and how it is mounted to the... Publish date: May 13, 2008
	Sensors clear the way for high-speed stamping : Safely navigating the press autobahn By: Kate Bachman, Editor Tennessee Stampings (Portland) LLC stamps 100 million ride control components (struts and shocks) annually. To sustain high-speed stamping, the... Publish date: April 15, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out : Part IV: What Else Do I Need to Look for in a Press to Meet Demands for Increased Part Accuracy? By: Array Editor's Note: This article is Part VI of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Press selection—sorting it out : Part I: What Press Type is Best for My Speed, Volume Needs? By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal� Editor Editor's Note: This article is Part VII of a series covering questions and answers for those who are in the market for a press or press system.... Publish date: March 11, 2008
	Stamping 101: Anatomy of a Mechanical Press By: Dennis Cattell Stamping press functions Editor's Note: STAMPING Journal® will explore hydraulic press capabilities, the differences between mechanical... Publish date: January 15, 2008
	The science behind the servo press : Servomotor-driven mechanical press spurs a new way of thinking about forming metal By: Tim Heston, Senior Editor A Komatsu H2F series servo press line stamps perforated sheets for the backs of plasma TVs. This press is programmed to form each part with... Publish date: January 15, 2008
	8 Things you should know about your hydraulic press : Press checks and maintenance keep it running at peak performance By: Thomas Lavoie and Carl Jean What should you do to keep your hydraulic press running? Know your press—when it is working properly or when it needs attention. You can... Publish date: December 11, 2007
	C�mo mantener las prensas hidr�ulicas operando : Aprenda todo lo que pueda sobre By: Thomas Lavoie y Carl Jean Read this article in English �Qu� deben saber los operadores para el buen estado de sus prensas hidr�ulicas? Deben saber cu�ndo la prensa... Publish date: November 6, 2007
	Metalforming lessons learned abroad : What U.S. stampers can learn from global counterparts By: Dennis Boerger, Contributing Writer Figure 1 Rolling bolsters are used to quickly change dies that might weigh many tons. The U.S. taught the world about mass production, but... Publish date: November 6, 2007
	Select an equipment supplier to meet global production requirements By: SEYI Presses Current economic, logistic, and financial conditions are forcing many companies to expand their stamping production around the world. When... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Maintain a reliable press system with today's competitive pressures By: Schuler Each press shop is unique in terms of equipment, people, skills and budgets available to support maintenance and engineering. Schuler has... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Maximize your capital equipment investment By: The Minster Machine Co. Metalforming machinery is never purchased – it's an investment. And as with any investment, the ultimate objective is to maximize your... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Choose the right press for running off-center loaded dies By: Beckwood Press In a perfect world, all tooling and dies would create perfectly balanced loads across the bed of a press. Unfortunately, we do not live in a... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Choose a metalforming solutions partner that can help you increase profits in a lean market By: AIDA-America AIDA understands that stampers must respond to market demands or most likely they will not survive. For North American stampers, the need to... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Stamping with third-generation dry-film lubricants : Characteristics and User Applications By: Han Xiong Xiao, Ph.D., and Roger Ruhmann In the simplest terms, stamping lubricants are either "wet" or "dry," and that's how many in the industry still classify them. While that... Publish date: October 9, 2007
	Retrofit R_xfor automaker's aging press : Modular hydraulic cushion upgrade eases maintenance, improves performance By: Ricardo Pereira Lea este articulo en Espanol Aging presses can pose challenges, from maintenance to unavailability of obsolete spare parts to performance... Publish date: October 9, 2007
	Dissecting defects : Part I: Examining process variables to find stamped part quality flaws By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is the final article in a three-part series discussing quality defects commonly seen in stamped parts. Part I, which... Publish date: October 9, 2007
	A new standard in forming bathtubs : American Standard introduces new technology to a older forming line By: Dan Davis, Editor-in-Chief American Standard's manufacturing facility in Salem, Ohio, invested more than $1 million to fully automate its bathtub forming line, which... Publish date: October 9, 2007
	Clearing the springback hurdle : Knowledge and planning are keys to success By: Eric Kam Editor's Note: This article is adapted from Eric Kam's conference presented at FABTECH® International & AWS Welding Show, Oct. 31-Nov. 2,... Publish date: September 11, 2007
	Turning it around (fast) : Flexible hydraulic press technology helps stamper meet tight customer deadlines As offshore suppliers become fierce low-price competitors, many U.S. stampers are facing stark choices. To avoid further market share erosion,... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Ridin' the storm out : Part I: Lean helps stamper squeeze out �automotive 5 percent� By: Kate Bachman, STAMPING Journal® Editor Editor's Note: This is the third article in a three-part series on Tennessee Stampings LLC. Part I in August explored the company's lean... Publish date: August 8, 2007
	Mechanical presses primed for powerful performances : New materials create a need for high-tonnage presses, larger beds By: Dennis Boerger, Contributing Writer Metal stampers are using more high-strength steel, which is more difficult to form than mild steel and requires more tooling stations and press... Publish date: July 10, 2007
	Blanking developments : Part I: Fineblanking process and tool design By: Taylan Altan Figure 1 Editor's Note: This is Part III of a three-part series on blanking developments. Part I, which appeared in the July issue,... Publish date: July 10, 2007
	Evaluating film lubricants for stamping : Deep-drawing test makes the most sense By: Hyunok Kim, Ji Hyun Sung, and Taylan Altan In today's stamping plants, dry film lubricant (DFL) is gaining acceptance for its uniform application on the material surface and the possible... Publish date: June 12, 2007
	Stamping research gains support : Forming lightweight alloys, UHSS emphasis of study By: Taylan Altan This column was prepared by the staff of the Center for Precision Forming (CPF, formerly ERC for Net Shape Manufacturing), The Ohio State... Publish date: June 12, 2007
	Flexibility in the press shop : Arranging equipment to produce a variety of parts By: Jeferson Val�rio The influx of European and Asian automotive manufacturers into the North American market, along with increased outsourcing of stamped parts, is... Publish date: June 12, 2007
	How to keep hydraulic presses running : Know thy press: In sickness and in health By: Thomas Lavoie and Carl Jean Lea este art�culo en Espa�ol An apple a day may keep the doctor away, but how should press operators keep their hydraulic presses healthy?... Publish date: May 8, 2007
	Steel thixoforming : Emerging technology may help steel parts compete with other materials By: Todd Helms In the thixoforming process, steel must be transported as quickly and as precisely as possible from the heating furnace into the press... Publish date: April 10, 2007
	Servo press forming applications : Part I: An introduction By: Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This is Part III of a three-part series on servo presses. Part I, which appeared in the March 2007 issue, provided an introduction... Publish date: March 13, 2007
	Automotive blanker presses on : Production software helps Kasle Metal Processing weather slowdown, prepare for the future By: Dan Davis, Editor-in-Chief The two consoles that control the two blanking lines at Kasle Metal Processing have three monitors with access to the enterprise resources... Publish date: March 13, 2007
	Protecting metal stamping dies : How to prevent die crashes with sensors By: Karen Keller In most industries, improving process efficiency is an imperative part of product manufacturing. It is becoming increasingly important in metal... Publish date: February 13, 2007
	Draw Forming Part VII: Nonuniformity By: Edmund Herman, P.E. Editor's Note: This is the last in a series of seven articles that identify and define the need for a new processing theory for the net shape... Publish date: February 13, 2007
	Hot-stamping boron-alloyed steels for automotive parts : Part I: Process methods and uses By: Array Editor's Note: This article is Part III of a three-part series discussing finite element (FE) simulation for tool and process design in... Publish date: December 12, 2006
	Choosing the right die handling tools : Options abound for splitting, transporting, changing By: Michael Schollmeier In efforts to cut waste from stamping operations, many stampers focus quite a bit of attention on reducing die handling time. Additionally,... Publish date: January 9, 2007
	Viking's range of choices : Appliance-maker chooses a hydraulic press system with precise stamping capabilities By: Kathleen McLaughlin, Contributing Writer Viking Range Corp., Greenwood, Miss., was the first appliance-maker to popularize commercial-grade stainless steel appliances for residential... Publish date: December 12, 2006
	Designing dies 2-D or 3-D? By: Art Hedrick A while ago a loyal reader of STAMPING Journal® and the Die Science column e-mailed me and asked if I would discuss the topic of die design.... Publish date: November 7, 2006
	Multipoint-control die cushion systems for stamping complex parts : Part II: Forming stainless steel double sinks By: Ajay Yadav and Taylan Altan Editor's Note: This article is Part III of a three-part series on multipoint-control (MPC) die cushion systems. Part I, which appeared in the... Publish date: October 10, 2006
	Overcoming deformity by design : The importance of keeping the die strip level through progressions By: Thomas Vacca One of the goals of any die design should be to create a tool that minimizes the need for highly skilled labor to fabricate and build it.... Publish date: October 10, 2006
	Drawing on new experiences : Whirlpool Corporation's new line is a flexible approach to refrigerator door fabrication By: Dan Davis, Editor-in-Chief Press operator Brandie Watkins wipes down a refrigerator door before conducting a quality check. Appliance manufacturing has been due... Publish date: October 10, 2006
	Transfer technology : Servo-based press transfer system maximizes productivity, flexibility for automotive supplier As with profit margins, the margin for error in the metal forming industry is becoming tighter and tighter—choosing the wrong... Publish date: October 10, 2006
	Setting up progressive dies : Part I: Die alignment and clamping By: Array Editor's Note: This is the second part of a two-part series that discusses proper die setup procedures for progressive dies. Part I in the... Publish date: October 3, 2006
	Unique forming short cuts By: Art Hedrick Figure 1 The use of a 1-to-1 rocker ratio mounted beneath the forming section allows the metal to be formed both up and down, thereby... Publish date: August 8, 2006
	Meeting global challenges through employee rewards : Gainsharing can be a big step toward staying competitive By: A.A. Imberman U.S. metal stampers are slow to accept the reality that free trade is now a mainstay of our foreign relations programs. Our tradition of... Publish date: August 8, 2006
	Getting hydraulic press problems under control : Control system upgrade solves reliability problems, expands press capabilities Although there are many good reasons for investing in used equipment, the downside is that a used machine seldom has the exact... Publish date: August 8, 2006
	The process of fineblanking By: Art Hedrick, Contributing Writer Figure 1 When a punch makes contact with the sheet, the metal begins to deform and bulge around the point of the punch. Image courtesy... Publish date: July 11, 2006

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