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Anatomy of an abrasive cutting machine
More than the sum of its parts
- By Gerald Kaye, Ph.D.
- June 13, 2002
- Article
- Sawing
Several types of cutting machines are available for production cutting of tube and bar, such as cold saws, band saws, lasers, shears, waterjets, and abrasive cutting machines. While each has its advantages and disadvantages, abrasive cutting fills a niche with its ability to accommodate special applications, such as difficult-to-cut stock; tube that must be cut cleanly without serious distortion, especially very thin-walled tube; short cut lengths; and applications that require scrap minimization.
A typical automatic abrasive cutting machine anatomy comprises a feeder, a machine vise area with cutting head, an ejection system and collector, and electronics and software that control the system (see Figure 1). At the heart of this system is the cutting component, the abrasive wheel.
Figure 1 Automatic abrasive cutting machines are enclosed for operator safety. A keypad (at left) allows the operator to program the machine. |
The Heart of the Machine Is the Cutting Wheel
Nonreinforced abrasive wheels—which typically are used in abrasive cutting machines—are made with aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, zirconia, diamond, and cubic boron nitride. Of these, only aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are used for cutting ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys.
The wheel's aluminum oxide or silicon carbide particles are bonded together with rubber, resin, or a combination of both binders. Rubber-bonded wheels can be produced with a thinner, more uniform thickness than resin-bonded wheels. Rubber-bonded cutting wheels must be used with a coolant and are suitable for production cutting, provided the use of coolant is not a problem.
These wheels rely on the cutting action of the aluminum oxide or silicon carbide particles that break down during cutting, continuously providing fresh cutting surfaces. In this way, the cutting wheel is continuously worn down during the cutting process. Wheel wear therefore is a significant consideration in the design of production machines. Its effects are far-reaching in the economics of using abrasive cutting for production.
The parameters that affect how a cutting wheel performs are:
- Hardness or softness of the wheel. This is determined by the ratio of bonding agent to abrasive particles by volume. A soft wheel has little bonding material but a high concentration of abrasive particles.
- Wheel thickness.
- Grit size of abrasive particles.
- Speed of the wheel's periphery.
Figure 2 A grip feeder system includes a grip feeder vise that advances material into left- and right-hand machine vises. The cutting wheel is resting just above the vise. |
Guidelines for Use. The following guidelines apply to the use of rubber-bonded and resin-bonded cutting wheels:
- Coolants are required for rubber-bonded abrasive wheels and recommended for resin-bonded wheels. Coolants help to reduce heating of the workpiece and the wheel.
- Soft cutting wheels are used to cut very hard materials, and vice versa.
- Larger wheels are more economical than smaller wheels. However, the trade-off is wheel thickness. Generally, thickness increases with diameter, and thicker wheels produce larger kerfs, resulting in more waste. Also, some large-diameter wheels are relatively thin; such wheels have a higher tendency to flex, resulting in less perpendicularity, or squareness of cut.
- Thinner cutting wheels produce fewer burrs and a higher-quality cut surface.
- Thinner cutting wheels require more wheel guiding to combat wheel flexing.
- Wheels with finer grit, or particle size, produce higher-quality cut surfaces. However, they have less aggressive cutting action.
- Each wheel has an optimal speed at which fresh cutting surfaces are exposed at a maximum rate. Using an inverter to vary the wheel speed can help to maintain the optimal cutting speed.
- Clamp the tube or bar firmly on both sides of the cut. To reduce the size of burrs and to prevent the formation of a break-off tag, it is essential to clamp the workpiece close to the cutting wheel and on both sides of the cut.
- Guide the cutting wheel for close-tolerance cutting.
- Provide a datum for the cutting head rest position between cuts.
- An encoder on the cutting head linkage that generates a voltage dependent on the cutting head position.
- An optical emitter and detector placed on either side of the wheel slot at the top of the vise level. This detects the wheel edge regardless of the wheel size.
- A separate voltage generator that generates a voltage proportionate to the depth of cut through the material. It is linked to the voltage at the level of the optical detector.
- Absence of burrs and burning, which complicate ejection and length consistency.
- Correct choice of cutting wheel.
- Tight wheel guidance from the top of the vise to the material. The vise jaw design with carbide side faces ensures stable guidance. Operators adjust the gap between left- and right-hand vise jaws for this purpose.
- Accuracy of the grip feeder system.
Flanges. European and U.S. regulations govern the size of flanges that clamp the cutting wheel. Recessed flanges provide wheel stability and reduce spindle flexing and wear. The Federation of European Producers of Abrasives (FEPA) regulations for using nonreinforced abrasive cutting wheels require a flange size of at least one-third the cutting wheel diameter. U.S. regulations, specifically, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) B7.1, permit the use of flanges that are one-fourth the cutting wheel diameter.
Grip Feeders Advance the Tube
The function of the grip feeder system is to clamp the tube or bar and advance it into the machine’s vises by a preset amount, or cut length (see Figure 2). The grip feeder vise baseplate is mounted on linear bars or guides and is moved either by a pneumatic cylinder or stepper motor-controlled ball screw.
Figure 3 An integral component of a pneumatic grip feeder is an adjustable precision stop. |
The grip feeder vises and the machine vises work in concert. The gripper feeder vises grip and advance the material into the cutting position. Then the machine vises secure the workpiece, and the gripper feeder vises release the workpiece and return to their home position.
In a pneumatic system the grip feeder vise moves along linear bars pushed by a rodless cylinder. The cut length is defined by the position of a precision stop. This position can be displayed digitally to aid setting the stop position (see Figure 3).
Alternatively, when the position of the grip feeder vise is controlled electronically, a stepper motor or servomotor rotates a precision ball screw to position the vise. In this case, data such as length, quantity, and kerf loss can be entered via a keypad or touchscreen (see Figure 1).
Machine Vises Hold Tube Steady
The design of machine vises is critical to the performance of the cutting machine (see Figure 2). They perform the following functions:
The right- and left-hand vises have pneumatically operated front jaws. The inner side faces of the jaw have carbide inserts, which guide the cutting wheel to the point of contact with the workpiece. Coolant is sprayed down the wheel slot, and relief grooves in the carbide inserts ensure coolant reaches the cutting area.
Two fiber-optic blocks are fitted on the jaw support in the arc of the cutting wheel. The fiber optics are connected to emitter/detector modules that detect the cutting wheel edge. This is the rest position for the cutting head between cuts.
Ejection Systems Expel Cut Workpieces
Each time the grip feeder vise advances the material into the right-hand vise, the previous cut length is pushed out of the vise and ejected down a chute. For very thin-wall or soft tube, modifications to the machine can cushion the fall of the cut pieces.
Electronics and Software Control Saw Functions
Electronics and software, which are integral components of modern abrasive saws, allow the operator to set various cutting parameters to enhance cut quality and productivity. In addition to controlling the aforementioned machine functions, they can adjust the wheel speed to compensate for wheel wear.
The importance of wheel wear in the design of production machines cannot be overemphasized. An electronics package monitors the diameter of the wheel as it wears and signals when the wheel has worn to its minimum diameter, which is when the wheel flanges are close to the top of the vise.
A typical system that monitors wheel wear includes:
This electronics package permits setting the minimum wheel diameter that will cut through the material before the cutting head is obstructed. It also allows an operator to vary the depth of cut according to the size of tube or bar being cut.
Figure 4 Close-tolerance cutting of short lengths is facilitated with a precision actuator. |
Hand in hand with wheel wear compensation is the need for constant speed at the cutting wheel's periphery (circumference) as it wears down. This provides reproducible cutting conditions, regardless of wheel diameter, and leads to longer wheel life. To maintain constant wheel perimeter speed, an operator programs the wheel speed inverter to speed up as the wheel wears down and its periphery decreases.
Several Factors Influence Cut Length Accuracy
The factors that contribute to accurate cut lengths are:
A pneumatic grip feeder system usually is designed to move back and forth between fixed end stops (see Figure 3). Provided care is taken to prevent bounce when the grip feeder vise contacts the end stops, the feeding system does not have a major influence on cut length accuracy. Incorporating stepper-controlled actuators with encoders can significantly enhance system accuracy.
Finally, aligning the cutting head (and cutting wheel) with the wheel slot between the right- and left-hand vises is crucial to achieving a perpendicular, or square, cut.
When these factors are taken into account and the abrasive cutting machine is designed accordingly, tolerances of ±0.002 inch are possible on short cut lengths (3 to 4 in.).
INCONEL and MONEL are registered trademarks of Special Metals Corp. HASTELLOY is a registered trademark of Haynes Intl. Kovar is a registered trademark of CRS Holdings Inc.
Federation of European Producers of Abrasives, 20 Avenue Reille, 75014 Paris, France, phone +33-1-45 81 25 90, fax +33-1-45 81 62 94, e-mail fepa@compuserve.com, Web site www.fepa-abrasives.org.
American National Standards Institute, 1819 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036, phone 202-293-8020, fax 202-293-9287, Web site www.ansi.org.
About the Author
Gerald Kaye, Ph.D.
P.O. Box 822
Enfield, CT 06083
860-745-4455
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